{"id":2294,"date":"2026-05-04T15:54:55","date_gmt":"2026-05-04T13:54:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/askem.eu\/?p=2294"},"modified":"2026-05-04T15:55:00","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T13:55:00","slug":"construire-son-propre-serveur-mcp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/askem.eu\/en\/2026\/05\/04\/construire-son-propre-serveur-mcp\/","title":{"rendered":"Construire son propre serveur MCP"},"content":{"rendered":"

Construire son propre serveur MCP : exposer ses outils internes \u00e0 un agent IA, en open source<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Un agent IA n’est puissant que par les outils qu’il sait actionner. Le Model Context Protocol (MCP)<\/strong>, standard ouvert publi\u00e9 par Anthropic et d\u00e9sormais adopt\u00e9 par la plupart des \u00e9diteurs (Claude, Cursor, OpenAI, Google, IDE divers), formalise la fa\u00e7on dont un assistant acc\u00e8de \u00e0 des donn\u00e9es et d\u00e9clenche des actions sur des syst\u00e8mes tiers. C\u00f4t\u00e9 infrastructure, un serveur MCP devient la pi\u00e8ce ma\u00eetresse : c’est lui qui d\u00e9cide ce qu’un agent peut voir, interroger ou modifier dans le SI. Construire son propre serveur, plut\u00f4t que de tout d\u00e9l\u00e9guer aux SaaS, c’est garder la main sur la fronti\u00e8re entre l’IA et ses donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pourquoi un serveur MCP maison plut\u00f4t qu’un connecteur SaaS<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Beaucoup d’\u00e9diteurs poussent des connecteurs propri\u00e9taires vers leur catalogue (Slack, Drive, Notion, GitHub, etc.). Ces connecteurs sont rapides \u00e0 brancher, mais ils enferment trois choses : la logique m\u00e9tier<\/strong> expos\u00e9e \u00e0 l’agent, le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre des permissions<\/strong>, et le chemin emprunt\u00e9 par les donn\u00e9es<\/strong>. Pour un SI public, un cabinet sous secret professionnel ou un \u00e9diteur souverain, ces trois points ne se d\u00e9l\u00e8guent pas. Un serveur MCP que l’on d\u00e9veloppe soi-m\u00eame r\u00e9pond pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment \u00e0 cette contrainte : il s’ex\u00e9cute dans son propre r\u00e9seau, parle directement \u00e0 ses bases internes, et ne montre \u00e0 l’agent que ce qu’on a explicitement d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de lui montrer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anatomie d’un serveur MCP<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Un serveur MCP expose trois primitives, suffisamment g\u00e9n\u00e9rales pour mod\u00e9liser \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s n’importe quel SI :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Tools<\/strong> : des fonctions invocables par l’agent, avec un sch\u00e9ma JSON d’arguments et une r\u00e9ponse typ\u00e9e. Exemples : chercher_demande(numero)<\/em>, creer_ticket(sujet, description)<\/em>, publier_jeu_donnees(id)<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Resources<\/strong> : des contenus lisibles, identifi\u00e9s par une URI, que l’agent peut d\u00e9cider de charger dans son contexte. Exemples : un document, une fiche projet, un export CSV d’un portail CKAN.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Prompts<\/strong> : des mod\u00e8les de prompts pr\u00e9-\u00e9crits que l’utilisateur peut d\u00e9clencher, ce qui permet \u00e0 un \u00e9diteur de proposer ses propres \u00ab\u00a0raccourcis\u00a0\u00bb sans toucher au mod\u00e8le.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Le tout circule en JSON-RPC, soit en stdio (mode local, id\u00e9al pour un agent qui tourne sur le poste), soit en HTTP avec authentification (mode distant, id\u00e9al pour partager le serveur entre plusieurs agents et plusieurs utilisateurs).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Une mise en route concr\u00e8te, en moins d’une heure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Le SDK Python mcp<\/code> (officiel, sous licence MIT) permet d’\u00e9crire un serveur en quelques dizaines de lignes. Le squelette ressemble \u00e0 : on d\u00e9clare un FastMCP<\/em>, on d\u00e9core ses fonctions Python avec @mcp.tool()<\/code>, on les laisse renvoyer ce que renverrait n’importe quelle fonction Python, et le SDK fait le reste : g\u00e9n\u00e9ration du sch\u00e9ma, s\u00e9rialisation, gestion d’erreur, transport. Une variante en TypeScript existe pour les stacks Node. C\u00f4t\u00e9 client, n’importe quel agent compatible MCP peut alors se brancher en pointant sur la commande de lancement (mode stdio) ou sur l’URL du serveur (mode HTTP).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Les usages qui changent la donne, c\u00f4t\u00e9 Askem<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • Portail open data pilot\u00e9 par agent<\/strong> : un serveur MCP qui expose rechercher_dataset<\/em>, obtenir_metadonnees<\/em>, generer_extrait_csv<\/em> permet \u00e0 un assistant de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 un agent territorial en langage naturel, sans donner d’acc\u00e8s direct \u00e0 l’API CKAN.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Drupal + IA<\/strong> : exposer la cr\u00e9ation de contenu, la recherche \u00e9ditoriale et la mod\u00e9ration comme des tools MCP, plut\u00f4t que d’embarquer un module g\u00e9n\u00e9rique. La r\u00e9daction garde la ma\u00eetrise des r\u00e8gles m\u00e9tier.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Supervision d’infrastructure<\/strong> : exposer etat_service<\/em>, derniers_logs<\/em>, redemarrer_si_autorise<\/em>. Un agent IA devient un copilote ops, mais ne peut faire que ce que le serveur veut bien lui laisser faire.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Project Management<\/strong> : exposer la liste des mandats en cours, leurs livrables, leurs jalons. Les comptes-rendus se g\u00e9n\u00e8rent \u00e0 partir de la source de v\u00e9rit\u00e9, pas d’un export fig\u00e9 dans le contexte du mod\u00e8le.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      S\u00e9curit\u00e9 et gouvernance, le vrai sujet<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      Construire un serveur MCP, c’est avant tout dessiner une fronti\u00e8re<\/strong>. Trois principes simples, \u00e0 poser d\u00e8s la premi\u00e8re ligne :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • Principe du moindre privil\u00e8ge<\/strong> : chaque tool vise une op\u00e9ration pr\u00e9cise. On ne fait pas un tool execute_sql(query)<\/em>, on fait chercher_demande(numero)<\/em>, lister_demandes_par_statut(statut)<\/em>, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Contexte d’identit\u00e9<\/strong> : le serveur doit savoir qui parle. Authentification HTTP, jeton OIDC issu de Keycloak, et chaque appel est trac\u00e9 avec l’utilisateur d’origine, pas seulement avec \u00ab\u00a0l’agent\u00a0\u00bb.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Journalisation syst\u00e9matique<\/strong> : tout appel d’outil est journalis\u00e9, avec ses arguments et son r\u00e9sultat tronqu\u00e9. C’est ce qui permettra plus tard de r\u00e9pondre aux questions de conformit\u00e9, de RGPD ou simplement de d\u00e9bogage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        Limites et pi\u00e8ges fr\u00e9quents<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        MCP n’est pas magique. Trois \u00e9cueils reviennent souvent : l’explosion du nombre de tools<\/strong> (un agent qui voit 80 fonctions perd en pertinence, mieux vaut d\u00e9couper en plusieurs serveurs sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s), la tentation du tool g\u00e9n\u00e9rique<\/strong> (qui rouvre la porte \u00e0 toutes les attaques par injection de prompt), et l’oubli des erreurs<\/strong> (un tool qui plante doit renvoyer un message clair, pas une stack trace, sinon l’agent boucle). Un bon serveur MCP se reconna\u00eet \u00e0 ses messages d’erreur, autant qu’\u00e0 ses fonctions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u00c0 retenir<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Le serveur MCP est en train de devenir, pour les agents IA, ce que l’API REST a \u00e9t\u00e9 pour les applications web : la brique d’int\u00e9gration de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence<\/strong>. La construire soi-m\u00eame, en open source, dans son propre p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre, c’est se donner les moyens de profiter des assistants du march\u00e9 sans abandonner la ma\u00eetrise de son SI. Pour une organisation qui prend l’IA au s\u00e9rieux, ce n’est plus optionnel : c’est probablement la premi\u00e8re brique d’infrastructure \u00e0 poser.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Construire son propre serveur MCP : exposer ses outils internes \u00e0 un agent IA, en open source Un agent IA n’est puissant que par les outils qu’il sait actionner. Le Model Context Protocol (MCP), standard ouvert publi\u00e9 par Anthropic et d\u00e9sormais adopt\u00e9 par la plupart des \u00e9diteurs (Claude, Cursor, OpenAI, Google, IDE divers), formalise la fa\u00e7on […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2295,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","osh_disable_topbar_sticky":"default","osh_disable_header_sticky":"default","osh_sticky_header_style":"default","osh_sticky_header_effect":"","osh_custom_sticky_logo":0,"osh_custom_retina_sticky_logo":0,"osh_custom_sticky_logo_height":0,"osh_background_color":"","osh_links_color":"","osh_links_hover_color":"","osh_links_active_color":"","osh_links_bg_color":"","osh_links_hover_bg_color":"","osh_links_active_bg_color":"","osh_menu_social_links_color":"","osh_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"on","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2294","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ai","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"\nConstruire son propre serveur MCP - askem<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"ASKEM BUREAU D'\u00c9TUDES ET DE FORMATION NUM\u00c9RIQUE. 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